Immunisierung gegen das Tumorantigen CEA: Vergleichende Untersuchung an Wildtyp- und CEA transgenen Mäusen

Immunization protocols in animal models have shown that the tumor-associated antigen CEA could be a target for active immunization. Since human CEA which does not exist in the rodent genome has been used in these models it is hard to decide whether part of the immune response is directed only to the foreign antigen (anti-allo). We established an animal model on H2d background using CEA transfected tumor cells and CEA transgenic mice. Transplanting CEA transfected cells s.c. in wild type mice clearly shows, that the animals build up an immune response with high antibody titers in serum. Accordingly, only 55% of the animals developed solid tumors after tumor challenge. A cellular immune response could not be detected. In contrast, CEA transgenic mice did not develop any immune response and accepted the tumor in 90 % thus demonstrating the role of the foreign antigen. Active immunization using tumor lysates or lymphocytes loaded with human CEA was able to induce a CTL response as well as tumor-rejection in up to 76% of wild type mice. The immune response after intraperitoneal tumor lysate vaccination was not CEA specific and was able to lyse non-transfected CEA negative wild type tumor cells as well. CEA-transgenic mice could be induced to build up a CTL response in vitro with both vaccination protocols. In vivo CEA-transgenic mice rejected CEA-positive tumors in about 60% after immunization with the tumor lysate but not after intravenous vaccination with the CEA-loaded autologous lymphocytes. As there was a big difference in the reaction of the immune response to CEA between wild-type and transgenic rodents, the experiments clearly show the importance of transgenic models when testing the effects of immunization towards human tumor associated antigens. The induction of cross-priming with antigens other than CEA or the use of (co)stimulatory molecules must be taken into account when using CEA in vector systems for immunization.Die Immunisierung gegen ein Tumorantigen stellt eine Option in der Therapie von Tumoren, bzw. deren Metastasen dar. Während in Tiermodellen dabei über gute Erfolge berichtet wird, sind die klinischen Erfolge bis auf Einzelfälle eher entmutigend. Ein Grund für diese Diskrepanz könnte in der Verwendung ungeeigneter Modelle im Tierversuch liegen. So könnte die experimentelle Verwendung humaner Tumorantigene wie CEA in Nagern, in denen es kein identisches Gen gibt, zu einer immunologischen Reaktion des Tierorganismus führen. Um diese Frage zu überprüfen, wurde eine Tumorzelllinie mit dem häufigen Tumorantigen CEA transfiziert und das Wachstum dieser Zelllinie in Wildtypmäusen und einem CEA transgenen Tiermodell untersucht. An diesem Modell wurden dann unterschiedliche Methoden der Immunisierung getestet. Nach subkutaner Injektion einer Wildtypleukämiezelllinie und einer CEA transfizierten Leukämiezelllinie bei Wildtypmäusen des Stammes DBA/2N zeigte sich, dass 91% der nicht transfizierten Tumorzellen anwuchsen, während nur 55% der CEA transfizierten Tumorzellen eine Geschwulst bildeten. Eine Ursache für die niedrigere Anwachsrate der transfizierten Zellen liegt in der Erkennung des CEA durch das Immunsystem. So wurden Antikörper gegen CEA gebildet. Zytotoxische T-Lymphozyten konnten spontan nicht induziert werden. Wurden nun die Tumorzellen den CEA transgenen Mäusen injiziert, zeigte sich kein Unterschied in der Anwachsrate der Tumoren (90% Anwachsrate der transfizierten Zellen versus 90% Anwachsrate der Wildtypzellen). Folgerichtig konnten weder Antikörpertiter, noch zytotoxische T-Zellen gegen CEA nachgewiesen werden. An diesem Modell wurde dann eine Immunisierung mit Tumorzelllysat bestehend aus CEA transfizierten Zellen in kompletten Freundschen Adjuvans getestet. Damit konnte sowohl in den Wildtypmäusen, als auch in den transgenen Nagern eine in vitro und in vivo messbare zytotoxische Antwort gegen CEA exprimierende Zellen induziert werden. Allerdings war diese Antwort nicht CEA spezifisch, es wurde auch die Wildtypzelllinie abgestoßen. Damit ist gezeigt, dass die Immunantwort nach Vakzinierung mit Tumorzelllysat nicht nur CEA, sondern auch andere Antigene erkennt. Eine Möglichkeit, die CEA-Spezifität der Immunantwort weiter zu überprüfen, besteht in der intravenösen Immunisierung mit autologen Milzlymphozyten, die mit CEA beladen wurden. So konnte bei den syngenen Tieren eine Zytotoxizität gegen CEA exprimierende Zellen in vitro von bis zu 40% der Zielzellen festgestellt werden (E/T=50). Auch die transgenen Mäuse zeigten eine in vitro messbare Zytotoxizität von bis zu 20% der Zielzellen (E/T=10). In vivo konnte die Tumoranwachsrate der CEA positiven Tumorzellen in den Wildtyptieren von 55% auf 36% reduziert werden, während in den transgenen Tieren keine Reduktion nachgewiesen wurde. Gegen die CEA negative Mutterzelllinie zeigte sich keine immunologische Reaktion. Das Modell demonstrierte Unterschiede im immunologischen Verhalten der Wildtypmäuse und der transgenen Mäuse nach Implantation CEA exprimierender Tumorzellen. Im transgenen Modell, das der Situation im Menschen sehr nahe kommt, war im Gegensatz zum syngenen Modell keine spontane Immunantwort gegen CEA vorhanden. Die Vakzinierung mit einem Tumorzelllysat konnte in beiden Mäusestämmen eine effektive Immunantwort induzieren, die aber nicht nur gegen CEA, sondern auch gegen andere Antigene gerichtet ist. Eine spezifisch gegen CEA gerichtete Immunisierung mit beladenen Lymphozyten zeigte nur in den Wildtypmäusen einen in vivo messbaren Erfolg. Diese Beobachtungen zeigen die Bedeutung transgener Modelle bei der Durchführung von Vakzinierungsstudien gegen CEA und begründen teilweise die große Diskrepanz zwischen erfolgreichen Tierversuchen und den erfolglosen klinischen Studien, die bisher nur in einzelnen Patienten von einer in vivo wirksamen Immunisierung berichten. Sie demonstrieren auch, dass es mit entsprechenden Methoden, die mehrere Antigene bei der Vakzinierung benutzen, durchaus gelingen kann, die Toleranz gegen Tumorzellen zu durchbrechen und eine wirksame Immunantwort aufzubauen

NRP2 transcriptionally regulates its downstream effector WDFY1.

Neuropilins (NRPs) are cell surface glycoproteins that often act as co-receptors for plexins and VEGF family receptors. Neuropilin-2 (NRP2), a family member of NRPs, was shown to regulate autophagy and endocytic trafficking in cancer cells, a function distinctly different from its role as a co-receptor. WD Repeat and FYVE domain containing 1 (WDFY1)-protein acts downstream of NRP2 for this function. Our results indicated that NRP2 maintains an optimum concentration of WDFY1 by negatively regulating its expression. Since increased expression of WDFY1 reduces the endocytic activity, maintenance of WDFY1 level is crucial in metastatic cancer cells to sustain high endocytic activity, essential for promotion of oncogenic activation and cancer cell survival. Here, we have delineated the underlying molecular mechanism of WDFY1 synthesis by NRP2. Our results indicated that NRP2 inhibits WDFY1 transcription by preventing the nuclear localization of a transcription factor, Fetal ALZ50-reactive clone 1 (FAC1). Our finding is novel as transcriptional regulation of a gene by NRP2 axis has not been reported previously. Regulation of WDFY1 transcription by NRP2 axis is a critical event in maintaining metastatic phenotype in cancer cells. Thus, inhibiting NRP2 or hyper-activating WDFY1 can be an effective strategy to induce cell death in metastatic cancer

The Role of lncRNAs TAPIR-1 and -2 as Diagnostic Markers and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Prostate Cancer

In search of new biomarkers suitable for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, genome-wide transcriptome sequencing was carried out with tissue specimens from 40 prostate cancer (PCa) and 8 benign prostate hyperplasia patients. We identified two intergenic long non-coding transcripts, located in close genomic proximity, which are highly expressed in PCa. Microarray studies on a larger cohort comprising 155 patients showed a profound diagnostic potential of these transcripts (AUC~0.94), which we designated as tumor associated prostate cancer increased lncRNA (TAPIR-1 and -2). To test their therapeutic potential, knockdown experiments with siRNA were carried out. The knockdown caused an increase in the p53/TP53 tumor suppressor protein level followed by downregulation of a large number of cell cycle- and DNA-damage repair key regulators. Furthermore, in radiation therapy resistant tumor cells, the knockdown leads to a renewed sensitization of these cells to radiation treatment. Accordingly, in a preclinical PCa xenograft model in mice, the systemic application of nanoparticles loaded with siRNA targeting TAPIR-1 significantly reduced tumor growth. These findings point to a crucial role of TAPIR-1 and -2 in PCa

Neuropilin-2 regulates androgen-receptor transcriptional activity in advanced prostate cancer

Aberrant transcriptional activity of androgen receptor (AR) is one of the dominant mechanisms for developing of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Analyzing AR-transcriptional complex related to CRPC is therefore important towards understanding the mechanism of therapy-resistance. While studying its mechanism, we observed that a transmembrane protein called neuropilin-2 (NRP2) plays a contributory role in forming a novel AR-transcriptional complex containing nuclear pore proteins. Using immunogold electron microscopy, high-resolution confocal microscopy, chromatin immunoprecipitation, proteomics, and other biochemical techniques, we delineated the molecular mechanism of how a specific splice variant of NRP2 becomes sumoylated upon ligand stimulation and translocates to the inner nuclear membrane. This splice variant of NRP2 then stabilizes the complex between AR and nuclear pore proteins to promote CRPC specific gene expression. Both full-length and splice variants of AR have been identified in this specific transcriptional complex. In vitro cell line-based assays indicated that depletion of NRP2 not only destabilizes the AR-nuclear pore protein interaction but also inhibits the transcriptional activities of AR. Using an in vivo bone metastasis model, we showed that the inhibition of NRP2 led to the sensitization of CRPC cells toward established anti-AR therapies such as enzalutamide. Overall, our finding emphasize the importance of combinatorial inhibition of NRP2 and AR as an effective therapeutic strategy against treatment refractory prostate cancer

Low Frequency Vibrations Disrupt Left-Right Patterning in the Xenopus Embryo

The development of consistent left-right (LR) asymmetry across phyla is a fascinating question in biology. While many pharmacological and molecular approaches have been used to explore molecular mechanisms, it has proven difficult to exert precise temporal control over functional perturbations. Here, we took advantage of acoustical vibration to disrupt LR patterning in Xenopus embryos during tightly-circumscribed periods of development. Exposure to several low frequencies induced specific randomization of three internal organs (heterotaxia). Investigating one frequency (7 Hz), we found two discrete periods of sensitivity to vibration; during the first period, vibration affected the same LR pathway as nocodazole, while during the second period, vibration affected the integrity of the epithelial barrier; both are required for normal LR patterning. Our results indicate that low frequency vibrations disrupt two steps in the early LR pathway: the orientation of the LR axis with the other two axes, and the amplification/restriction of downstream LR signals to asymmetric organs

Polarimetric Properties of Event Horizon Telescope Targets from ALMA

We present the results from a full polarization study carried out with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) during the first Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) campaign, which was conducted in 2017 April in the λ3 mm and λ1.3 mm bands, in concert with the Global mm-VLBI Array (GMVA) and the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), respectively. We determine the polarization and Faraday properties of all VLBI targets, including Sgr A*, M87, and a dozen radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs), in the two bands at several epochs in a time window of 10 days. We detect high linear polarization fractions (2%–15%) and large rotation measures (RM > 103.3–105.5 rad m−2), confirming the trends of previous AGN studies at millimeter wavelengths. We find that blazars are more strongly polarized than other AGNs in the sample, while exhibiting (on average) order-of-magnitude lower RM values, consistent with the AGN viewing angle unification scheme. For Sgr A* we report a mean RM of (−4.2 ± 0.3) × 105 rad m−2 at 1.3 mm, consistent with measurements over the past decade and, for the first time, an RM of (–2.1 ± 0.1) × 105 rad m−2 at 3 mm, suggesting that about half of the Faraday rotation at 1.3 mm may occur between the 3 mm photosphere and the 1.3 mm source. We also report the first unambiguous measurement of RM toward the M87 nucleus at millimeter wavelengths, which undergoes significant changes in magnitude and sign reversals on a one year timescale, spanning the range from −1.2 to 0.3 × 105 rad m−2 at 3 mm and −4.1 to 1.5 × 105 rad m−2 at 1.3 mm. Given this time variability, we argue that, unlike the case of Sgr A*, the RM in M87 does not provide an accurate estimate of the mass accretion rate onto the black hole. We put forward a two-component model, comprised of a variable compact region and a static extended region, that can simultaneously explain the polarimetric properties observed by both the EHT (on horizon scales) and ALMA (which observes the combined emission from both components). These measurements provide critical constraints for the calibration, analysis, and interpretation of simultaneously obtained VLBI data with the EHT and GMVA

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope results. II. EHT and multiwavelength observations, data processing, and calibration

We present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5–11 campaign. The observations were carried out with eight facilities at six locations across the globe. Novel calibration methods are employed to account for Sgr A*'s flux variability. The majority of the 1.3 mm emission arises from horizon scales, where intrinsic structural source variability is detected on timescales of minutes to hours. The effects of interstellar scattering on the image and its variability are found to be subdominant to intrinsic source structure. The calibrated visibility amplitudes, particularly the locations of the visibility minima, are broadly consistent with a blurred ring with a diameter of ∼50 μas, as determined in later works in this series. Contemporaneous multiwavelength monitoring of Sgr A* was performed at 22, 43, and 86 GHz and at near-infrared and X-ray wavelengths. Several X-ray flares from Sgr A* are detected by Chandra, one at low significance jointly with Swift on 2017 April 7 and the other at higher significance jointly with NuSTAR on 2017 April 11. The brighter April 11 flare is not observed simultaneously by the EHT but is followed by a significant increase in millimeter flux variability immediately after the X-ray outburst, indicating a likely connection in the emission physics near the event horizon. We compare Sgr A*'s broadband flux during the EHT campaign to its historical spectral energy distribution and find that both the quiescent emission and flare emission are consistent with its long-term behavior.http://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205Physic

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multiwavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration

We present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5–11 campaign. The observations were carried out with eight facilities at six locations across the globe. Novel calibration methods are employed to account for Sgr A*'s flux variability. The majority of the 1.3 mm emission arises from horizon scales, where intrinsic structural source variability is detected on timescales of minutes to hours. The effects of interstellar scattering on the image and its variability are found to be subdominant to intrinsic source structure. The calibrated visibility amplitudes, particularly the locations of the visibility minima, are broadly consistent with a blurred ring with a diameter of ∼50 μas, as determined in later works in this series. Contemporaneous multiwavelength monitoring of Sgr A* was performed at 22, 43, and 86 GHz and at near-infrared and X-ray wavelengths. Several X-ray flares from Sgr A* are detected by Chandra, one at low significance jointly with Swift on 2017 April 7 and the other at higher significance jointly with NuSTAR on 2017 April 11. The brighter April 11 flare is not observed simultaneously by the EHT but is followed by a significant increase in millimeter flux variability immediately after the X-ray outburst, indicating a likely connection in the emission physics near the event horizon. We compare Sgr A*’s broadband flux during the EHT campaign to its historical spectral energy distribution and find that both the quiescent emission and flare emission are consistent with its long-term behavior